Godden and Baddeley

Aim: To investigate whether we recall information better in our natural environment than an unnatural environment.

Method: 18participants were split into four groups and all participants took part in all conditions. The participants took part in one condition per day:
1. Learn on land and recall on land (dry/dry)
2. Learn under water and recall underwater  (wet/wet)
3. Learn on land and recall underwater (dry/wet)
4. Learn under water and recall on land (wet/dry)
The participants were asked to recall the words when in the different conditions.

Results: The participants were able to recall the words more correctly when in the same condition in which they learnt them in.

Conclusion: We remember things better when we're in the same context in which we learnt them in.

Amnesia

There are two types of amnesia, retrograde and antrograde.
Retrograde amnesia is the type of amnesia where someone is unable to recall events which happened before the amnesia occurred. A person with retrograde amnesia will be able to remember everything after the accident but will not remember anything before.
 Antrograde amnesia is the type of amnesia where the person can remember everything before the accident but cannot remember anything which happens after the accident for a long period of time. People with antrograde amnesia are unable to create new memories.

Peterson and Peterson

Aim: To investigate the time that information stays in our STM without rehearsal.

Method: Participants were given groups of letters such as JKF. They were then asked to count backwards in threes, so that rehearsing was not possible, then they asked to give the combination of letters.

Results: After 18seconds of counting back in threes the letters could not be recalled.

Conclusion: Our short term memory can hold information for 18seconds without rehearsal.

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval (Also deep/shallow processing)

Encoding: How we perceive and interpret information. There are many different ways of encoding information such as rehearsing or chunking. Encoding can happen with two different types of processing; deep or shallow. If shallow processed information will not be as detailed. If deep processed information will be detailed and precise.
Storage: The ability to obtain information and keep it over time.
Retrieval: Being able to access the information when it is needed

Context

If someone is told something in a classroom, they would be more likely to remember it in the same classroom than anywhere else. This is because they are in the same context. Being in the same context (environment) could effect the way that you remember something. When the information is taken in, everything else is taken in also, such as the smell of the environment, what else you can hear and see and everything around the environment, these things are taken in and associated with the information which has been taken in so when asked to recall the information it would be easier to remember and recall if the context is the same.

Bartlett

Aim: To see if unfamiliar stories stay the same when told repeatedly.
Method: Participants were told a native american ghost story and they were asked to recall it. They were then asked to recall it several times throughout the year.
Results: Each time that the story was retold participants changed the story to suit themselves specifically.
Conclusion: When we are told unfamiliar stories we change them in our minds to suit our own personality.

SM, STM, LTM

information stays in the SM for around 1second and the storage is extremely limited. Information can stay in the STM for around 15-30seconds and the storage for this is limited. LTM can hold unlimited amounts of information and the information it holds can last forever.
                         

Multi-store Model of Memory

The information goes into the sensory memory (SM)  and you must pay attention for it to go to the short term memory (STM) , items are often stored into the STM for around 15-30seconds. Then two things could happen; If a lot of information is taken in then it would apply to the rule of first in first out (FIFO) or if the information is rehearsed it would flow into the long term memory (LTM). When information is in the LTM storage it would stay there forever. LTM doesn't have a certain amount of information it could store as it can hold every single piece of information and there isn't a time period for information staying in LTM, once the information is there then it would stay there, forever. There are only two ways of which information can leave the LTM, displacement and amnesia. Displacement occurs when we don't remind ourselves of what is in our LTM, so we eventually forget. Amnesia is like a kind of brain damage, there are two types of amnesia, Retrograde amnesia and Antrograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is when the person cannot remember things which happened before the amnesia occurred and Antrograde amnesia is when everything after the amnesia occurs is forgotten. If a memory is displaced or forgotten then the person can never get that memory back, it will be lost forever, however you may make up the memories as if you can actually remember them but that would only occur when you are told about the memory.